With these formal expressions of courteous request and gratitude, students of Hontai Yoshin Ryu jujutsu begin and end, respectively, their paired training in jujutsu kata. The words accompany humble bows made from the traditional seiza, a kneeling position in which one's buttocks are settled onto the heels of upturned feet. This exchange is indicative of the nature of Nihon--truly Japanese-- jujutsu.

Traditional jujutsu is either a koryu, or ancient style of Japanese martial art; or a shinryu (new ryu). The koryu can be thought of as martial traditions/methodologies that originated before the abolition of Japan's feudal bushi, or samurai, system in 1868. Shinryu are martial systems that are directly derived from bona fide koryu. However, combative methods which stem from (for example) a contemporary composite of karate-do and judo, and which are not derived from Japanese koryu jujutsu, cannot be considered shinryu. While a limited number of shinryu jujutsu systems do exist, most authentic jujutsu, which is only taught in Japan on a relatively limited basis, falls into the koryu category.

Although there were, and are, many ryuha, or systems of Japanese jujutsu, certain features exist that are characteristic of most (if not all) of them. Since there seems to be a number of relatively new martial systems of questionable origin identifying themselves as jujutsu these days, it is appropriate to look at those characteristics which distinguish a style as traditional Japanese jujutsu.

Heritage

All Nihon jujutsu will have a verifiable history and ryu lineage, including a list of past ryu heads, or soke. These details are often contained in the system's makimono (scrolls) or are otherwise recorded. (Unfortunately for most Americans, such information is hardly helpful since the script in which it is recorded will be unintelligible.) Other cultural indicators, which can help give one a sense of the traditional character of a school, include:

• as mentioned above, training in Nihon jujutsu takes place within an atmosphere of courtesy and respect, a context intended to help cultivate the appropriate kokoro, or "heart";

• the type of dogi, or training suit worn, is usually plain white, generally with a dark hakama (the most colorful uniform might be a plain black or traditional indigo blue quilted keikogi; anyway, you are not likely to see stars and stripes or camouflage uniforms);

• a lack of ostentatious display, with an attempt to achieve or express the sense of rustic and elegant simplicity (expressed in such concepts as sabi and wabi in Japanese) common in many of Japan's traditional arts;

• the use of a limited number of classical teaching licenses (menkyo) or the counterpart traditional -den (e.g., Shoden, Chuden, Okuden, and Menkyo Kaiden levels) ranking system, perhaps as a parallel track to the more contemporary and increasingly common -kyu/-dan ranking; and

• to borrow a characterization for all koryu and authentic jujutsu systems, as expressed by Wayne Muromoto, editor of Furyu and SMAA Senior Advisor, there is the lack of "tournament trophies, long-term contracts, fancy tags and emblems, rows of badges or any other superficial distractions" (Furyu, Vol. 1 No. 1, p. 23).

Although there is some diversity in the actual look and techniques of the various traditional jujutsu systems, there are significant technical similarities:

• students learn traditional jujutsu primarily by observation and imitation as patterned by the ryu's kata, or prearranged forms;

• many kata emphasize joint-locking or flexing techniques, that is threatening a joint's integrity by placing pressure on it in a direction contrary to its normal function (or painfully stretching the muscles by moving the joint in its natural direction), or take-down or throwing techniques, or a combination of take-downs and joint-locks;

• very occasionally a strike (atemi) targeted to some particularly vulnerable area will be used to help create kuzushi (break in balance) or otherwise set-up the opponent for a lock, take-down or throw;

• force essentially never meets force directly, nor should techniques need to be strong-armed to be effective: rather, there is great emphasis placed on flow (which follows from the art's name, in which "ju" connotes pliability and suppleness) and technical mastery;

• movements tend to emphasize circularity, and capitalize on an attacker's momentum and openings in order to place a joint in a compromised position or to break balance as preparatory for a take-down or throw;

• the defender's own body is positioned so as to take optimal advantage of the attacker's weaknesses while simultaneously presenting as few openings or weaknesses of its own; and

• the common inclusion in the ryu of cognate Japanese weapons training (also using kata as a primary instructional method), stemming from the historical development of jujutsu and other koryu when active battles were waged. Weapons might include, for example, the roku-shaku bo (long staff), hanbo (short staff), katana (long sword), kodachi (short sword), and tanto (knife), some of the main repertoire of traditional weaponry.

Although jujutsu and the koryu in general, with only a few exceptions, do not have the suffix -do or " way" to designate them as paths toward spiritual liberation and inner development, there are often many philosophical and mental components which have significance and application in these systems, at least because of their value in developing the actual combat effectiveness of the practitioner. These include:

• an all-encompassing awareness, zanshin (remaining mind), in which the practitioner is ready for anything, at any time;

• the spontaneity of mushin (literally "no mind") which allows immediate action without conscious thought; and

• a state of equanimity or imperturbability known as fudoshin (immovable mind).

These various characteristics or components, taken together, largely describe the principal elements of traditional Japanese jujutsu. Alerted to them, a student will have some reasonable ability to assess the relative traditional nature and authenticity of a system of jujutsu. If most, or all, of these characteristics are not noticeable in a so-called jujutsu system, then the legitimacy of the system as bona fide Nihon jujutsu is highly suspect. This is not to say that the system or school in question does not offer a good training program or effective techniques. It simply suggests that such a "jujutsu" school or system may be more accurately labeled with some other term.

For anyone who has a question on the authenticity of a Nihon jujutsu system, H. E. Davey Sensei, who directs the Traditional Jujutsu Division of the Shudokan Martial Arts Association, can help to determine a given school's or system's legitimacy if given sufficient information.

About the Author:
Dr. Stephen Fabian is a Division Director in the SMAA Traditional Jujutsu Division where he holds a title/rank of Shihan/6th dan and an Associate Professor of Anthropology. He lived for several years in Japan, where he studied Hontai Yoshin Ryu directly from the ryu's current hereditary Headmaster.